LONDON, April 13: Vitamin B12 is a vital nutrient essential for maintaining a healthy nervous system, supporting red blood cell formation, and producing DNA. Despite its importance, the role of B12 often goes unnoticed until a deficiency begins to affect the body, sometimes in serious ways.

In the early stages, a slight drop in vitamin B12 levels may not trigger noticeable symptoms—or the signs might be easy to miss. However, if a deficiency is left untreated, it can lead to serious health issues such as nerve damage or even dementia, according to PeaceHealth, a non-profit healthcare organization.

One of the main causes of vitamin B12 deficiency is pernicious anemia, an autoimmune condition. In this condition, the body attacks the cells in the stomach that produce intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for absorbing vitamin B12. Without intrinsic factor, even a B12-rich diet may not be enough, as the body simply can’t absorb the vitamin effectively.

Vitamin B12 is crucial for producing healthy red blood cells that transport oxygen throughout the body. A deficiency can disrupt this process, leading to symptoms like numbness or tingling—especially in the toes or fingers.

The NHS recommends seeing a GP if you suspect a deficiency. A simple blood test can typically confirm it. Timely diagnosis and treatment are key, as some symptoms caused by prolonged deficiency may become irreversible.

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia can develop gradually and may worsen over time without treatment. According to the NHS, symptoms can include:

Rapid breathing or shortness of breath

Headaches

Indigestion

Loss of appetite

Heart palpitations

Vision problems

Fatigue or weakness

Diarrhea

A sore, red tongue or mouth ulcers

Cognitive issues, such as memory loss, poor judgment, or difficulty understanding

Even those who do not yet have anemia may still experience some of these symptoms if they are B12 deficient.

Beyond physical symptoms, a deficiency in vitamin B12 can impact the brain and nervous system. Neurological symptoms may include:

Muscle weakness

Balance and coordination problems

Pins and needles sensation (especially in hands or feet)

Incontinence

Psychological symptoms ranging from mild depression and anxiety to confusion and dementia

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Many people benefit from B12 injections, which help replenish the body’s stores. The NHS also notes that follow-up blood tests may be required to monitor progress and ensure the treatment is effective.